5EE 6.1 ADVANCED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Unit-1 (i) Distribution Systems: Distribution of power, future distribution systems, power loads. (ii) Load Forecasting: Introduction, load survey, load forecasting-regression analysis, correlation theory, analysis of time series, load growth factors, sources of error.
Unit-2 Operation: Operation criterion and standards: Voltage control – voltage regulation, kVA – km conductor loading, correction of system voltage. Harmonics – introduction, effects of harmonics on networks, limits of harmonics, filters. Load variations- causes of voltage fluctuations, measures to reduce flickering. Ferro resonance. System losses - introduction, losses in components, measurement of losses, reduction of losses. Energy management.
Unit-3 Distribution Power Capacitors: Reactive power flow, monitoring and compensation in distribution system, maintaining system voltage. Series and shunt capacitors, comparison. Shunt capacitors in distribution system - LT and HT shunt capacitors, capacitor rating for power factor improvement, constructional features. System harmonics.
Unit-4 Grounding: Grounding system, earth and safety, earth electrode- earth resistance calculation, effect of rod size and soil resistivity, earth conductor sizes. Introduction to earth electrode design. Brief description of system earthing – system neutral earthing, earthing of substations, lines and consumer premises. Earth fault protection of feeders.
Unit-5 Distribution Automation: Introduction to distribution automation. Concept of communication power line carrier, radio communication, fibre optics, satellite communication and sensors. Introduction to supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA). Brief descriptor of an automation system.

Reference/Suggested Books
1. A S Pabla: Electric Power Distribution. (TMH)
2. B R Gupta: Power System Analysis & Design, S. CHAND PUBLISHERS
3. Nagrath Kothari: Modern Power System Analysis. (TMH)