II B.E. (Electronics & Communication)

VII SEMESTER

7EC1. DATA PROCESSING LAB

  1. ANTENNA: Antenna fundamentals and definitions. Radiation from a current element in free space. Quarter & half wave antennae. Reciprocity theorem. Reciprocity theorem. Resonant and non-resonant antennae. Effective length and aperature, gain, beam width, directivity, radiation resistance, efficiency, polarization, impedance. and directional characteristics of antennae, antenna temperature.

    VLH, LF, MF and HF antennas, Effect of ground on antennas, Antennae   loading.

Antennae Arrays: Two element array, N-element linear arrays, Broadside, end fire, collinear and combination arrays, Multiplication of patterns, Binomial arrays. 

 

Long wire, V and Rhombic antennas, Folded dipole, Yagi-Uda antenna, Frequency independent antennas, Log-periodic antennas. UHF and Microwave antennas – Antenna with paraboherenectors. Horn and Lens antennas. Helical antennas, Square and Circular loop antennas, Fundamentals of Slot and Micro strip antennas. 

Antennae Measurements: Antennae impedance, radiation pattern. gain, directivity, polarization and phase measurements. 

  1. RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION: mechanism of radio wave propagation. Reflection, refraction interference and diffraction of radio waves. Theory of ground wave, space wave and sky wave propagation. Plane earth reflection, Reflection factors for horizontal and vertical polarisations. Duct propagation and troposphere scattering. Various ionosphere layers. Characteristics of ionosphere and its effects on wave propagation. Critical frequency, virtual height, skip zone & maximum usable frequency. Multiple hop transmission. Oblique & vertical incidence transmission. Effect of earth's magnetic field, solar activity and meteorological conditions on wave propagation.

Recommended Books:

  1. J.D. Kraus, 'Antennas', Mc-Graw Hill.
  2. C.A. Balanis, 'Antenna Theory', Harper &Row.
  3. K.D. Prasad, 'Antenna and Wave Propagation, SATYA Prakashan, New Delhi.
  4. E.C. Jordan and K.G. Balmain, 'Electromagnetic waves an Radiating Systems', Prentice hall of India.
  5. R.E. Collin, 'Antennas & Radio Wavc Propagation", Mc-Graw Hill.